Jealousy comes up in all types of relationships, sexual and otherwise. A kid can experience jealousy when their mother is talking to someone else. Jealousy can come up when a colleague gets a raise and you don’t. An artist can feel jealous when someone they know catches a big break.

It’s a normal experience that’s supported by our entertainment and culture—often seen as an inevitable component of love. Sometimes even as a virtue.

But what do we mean when we talk about jealousy? And what is its role in relationships?

Short answer: depends on the relationship.

Let’s start with the basics. Jealousy is an emotion evolved to protect us from perceived deprivation of something that’s ours.

When we feel like we’re losing something dear, jealousy screams— this is life and death! —and we better take action to protect the future.

So it kickstarts our central nervous system (CNS) into fight or flight mode. Elevated heart-rate, raised blood-pressure, tunnel vision, the works…

On top of that, jealousy is a complex emotion that can activate other emotions:

For people with trauma in particular, all that emotional connectivity of jealousy can trigger anxiety, intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, hypervigilance, and other PTSD symptoms .

But whether or not there’s a history of trauma, jealousy can inspire any of us to behave in a regrettable way that hurts ourselves and/or others.

So first let’s separate the emotion from the behavior.

There’s nothing wrong with experiencing the emotion of jealousy. Or any emotion, for that matter. Negative, uncomfortable emotions play an important role in guiding us through life.

If we think in terms of evolution, the purpose of jealousy is to protect us from losing something we need. Or more specifically from having something of ours taken by another.

When we were living under the stars, it could launch us into fight/flight mode and save us from raiders and pillagers.

But when it comes to relationships—whether mono or poly—that defensive primal emotion can get in the way of empathetic, loving, effective discourse.

We feel jealous in relationships when our partner does something we perceive as disloyalty, abandonment, and/or betrayal.

The key word there is perceive . Our insecurities buzz around in our heads telling us we better WATCH OUT, that everything’s too quiet, that something doesn’t smell right…

Whether or not those insecurities are based on facts, they can balloon quickly into catastrophic assumptions that make us view our partner differently, watching for clues. If those buzzing thoughts aren’t brought to the surface and addressed together, they’ll just keep reverberating through your mental echo chamber, building to a fever pitch.

Thoughtlessly acting on jealous emotions can cause all sorts of problems. And even if you don’t act upon it in the heat of the moment, unaddressed jealousy can build up to resentment, disconnection, and worse.

Jealousy comes from a story we tell ourselves (and our culture tells us) that someone is coming for those parts of us we hold most dear—which we’re taught includes our intimate partners—and we must protect ourselves at all costs.

Our institutions support the idea that you become your relationship, leaving a measure of individuality behind. So if someone else “takes” your partner, they’re taking away part of you. The perceived threat of that is enough to drive people mad.

But it wasn’t always that way.

Monogamy developed out of a desire to pass down possessions and land through inheritance—so knowing exactly who the father was became important in terms of lineage.

That naturally gave rise to possessiveness in sexual relationships and steered our cultural understanding of family away from the tribal mindset and into the nuclear structure we know today.

What you think about that construct is a matter of personal choice. But the fact is, we learn relationship jealousy through cultural narratives and community norms.

How you decide to behave within that emotional awareness is the important question.

Because of the deep primal emotional connectivity and most people’s inexperience understanding and managing their emotions, unfettered jealousy and possessiveness can lead to really bad situations.

In our culture we give jealousy power by equating it to love:

We give it power by identifying proudly as the super-jealous type, prone to fits of rage at any perceived infidelity:

And by weaponizing the emotion to achieve a result:

And beyond that, beyond the typical relationship spats, beyond the jealous bar fights, it can get much worse.

Jealousy accounts for 12% of homicides by intimate partners. Plus a whole lot more non-deadly domestic violence. And uncountable instances of controlling behavior and emotional abuse.

So what’s the flipside? What does it mean to have a healthy relationship with the emotion of jealousy?

Like any emotion, jealousy can build slowly—or it can flare up without warning, triggered by something subconscious.

And like any emotion; with practice you can learn to recognize the experience, observe it in yourself, and then decide whether or not to act upon it.

Your thoughts come first, triggering feelings, which lead to actions (or cascade into darker thoughts triggering deeper feelings in a downward spiral).

Learning to recognize that chain-reaction lets you notice the distance between feelings and thoughts, a space where you can choose to take a beat and engage your thinking mind, so your next behavior can be thoughtful and intentional, instead of reactionary and harmful.

Start by asking yourself:

You may not be able to choose how you feel—but you can choose what you think. And eventually those chosen, intentional thoughts can guide your emotions back into a more comfortable track.

But jealousy should never be suppressed . Even if you choose not to act in a given moment—at some point when you’ve cooled down, those feelings should be brought out into the open calmly and discussed.

One goal of such a conversation is to examine jealousy for the root cause—beyond just the triggering event—so it doesn’t fester with assumptions and lead to resentment.

I have a client couple who are married and monogamous. It came up in a recent session that A. has been feeling jealous about B’s close friend for a long time, without ever bringing it up.

B. was surprised by the revelation and asked why it never came up.

A. explained that it felt important not to get in the way of B’s friendship—but admitted that suppressing it often led to fights sometimes days later when the emotion bubbled up again out of the blue.

Through our discussion we figured out that A. had some unspoken expectations for reassurances from B. that the friend wasn’t coming between them—and making assumptions when those reassurances never came.

While B. never gave it a thought because there was nothing between them.

A. explained what kind of reassurances would be helpful, and B. was happy to provide. And going forward, they agreed to discuss whatever feelings A. had about the time B. spent with the friend.

Like many painful emotions, jealousy can be a signal about something internal or external that needs to be addressed. But blowing up about it won’t help; and suppressing it won’t make it go away.

Talking about jealousy can be painful for all parties, depending on attachment styles —which is why it’s an easy topic to avoid. But in relationship coaching we lean into difficult topics, helping people untangle jealousy together, focusing on empathy, curiosity, and communication.

Managing jealousy is relevant to all types of relationships. But for partners practicing any form of consensual non-monogamy, it’s especially important to check in about jealousy and other feelings that arise when our partners have other partners.

Believe it or not though, in some non-monogamy circles, jealousy is overtly looked down upon, scorned, even punished.

But condemning a lived emotion just leads to more suppression and opacity —which makes you question the “ethical” part. Plus denying someone’s feelings is not generally a good way to build deep, trusting connections and share close, delightful experiences.

And shaming people for jealousy certainly doesn’t open the door for compersion.

A less extreme but still troubling mindset pervades among some in the polyam community that jealousy should be handled individually, privately, alone.

But any quality poly-informed therapist can tell you it’s much healthier to acknowledge the emotion together —because it exists, it’s actually happening in your body and mind—and learn how to discuss it calmly and rationally to make sure jealous assumptions aren’t getting ahead of reality.

Once you identify the negative emotion, the next step is examining why. What exactly is it, both internally and externally, that triggered the jealous emotion? Talking through that can help you discover, ask for, and get the reassurance and security you need.

Discussing jealousy in consensual non-monogamy doesn’t necessarily mean requesting a change in behavior . Which is what some people fear. But it’s important to be able to have difficult conversations about uncomfortable topics without needing a solution.

Behavior adjustments or requests may be part of the conversation, but what comes first is transparency, active listening, and open communication of feelings. Including jealousy.

That’s the basis of empathy.

Often considered the “opposite of jealousy,” compersion is a term used by the polyam community to describe the positive emotion experienced when a partner has an enjoyable sexual or romantic interaction with another.

It’s an emotion born from deep empathy, and generally requires a good deal of practice and unlearning to achieve.

Polyam therapists can help clients develop emotional management, communication skills, and cognitive reframing to help habitualize thoughts and mindset toward feeling compersion.

However it’s important to note that jealousy and compersion are not mutually exclusive . It’s not either/or. Both emotions can exist simultaneously at different levels and in different situations.

You can feel a wash of jealousy in one moment—then remind yourself your partner is having a wonderful time and doesn’t that feel good?—and then seconds later feel another surge of discomfort when your imagination goes too far.

This is quite normal—and doesn’t mean you’re “bad at poly” or somehow unworthy. It just means you’re attempting some challenging mental magic here. Reshaping your actual mind, after however many years it’s been running the same program passed down through generations.

Especially at first, compersion can be fleeting and elusive . Hard to recognize like any complex emotion. Easily drowned out by screaming insecurities and cultural convictions.

But like any emotion, the more you focus on thinking and feeling it, the deeper those neuron pathways etch into your brain…until compersion becomes a comfortable habit of your subconscious emotions.

Trust yourself. You got this.